The Nobel Peace Prize (pronounced /noubell/) is one of five Nobel Prizes bequested by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel. Four of the five prizes are awarded in Stockholm each year, but Nobel had stipulated in his will that the Peace Prize could not be awarded in Sweden. Instead the Norwegian capital of Oslo was chosen as the award site and the Norwegian Nobel Committee, which members are chosen by the Norwegian Parliament, is appointed to select the laureate for the Peace Prize.
According to the will of Alfred Nobel the prize should be awarded "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between the nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses".
__Laureates__
This is a list of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates:
1901 Jean Henri Dunant (Switzerland), founder of the Red Cross and initiator of the Geneva convention. : Frédéric Passy (France), founder and president of the Societé Française pour l'arbitrage entre nations.
1902 Élie Ducommun (Switzerland) and Charles Albert Gobat, honorary secretaries of the Permanent International Peace Bureau in Berne.
1903 Sir William Randal Cremer (UK), secretary of the International Arbitration League.
1904 Institut de droit international (Gent, Belgium).
1905 Bertha Sophie Felicitas Baronin von Suttner, née Countess Kinsky von Chinic und Tettau (Austria), writer, honorary president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
1906 Theodore Roosevelt (USA), president of the United States, for drawing up the peace treaty in the Russo-Japanese War.
1907 Ernesto Teodoro Moneta (Italy), president of the Lombard League of Peace. : Louis Renault (France), professor of International Law.
1908 Klas Pontus Arnoldson (Sweden), founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League. : Fredrik Bajer (Denmark), honorary president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
1909 Auguste Marie Francois Beernaert (Belgium), member of the Cour Internationale d'Arbitrage. : Paul Henribenjamin Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant, Baron de Constant de Rebecque (France), founder and president of the French parliamentary group for international arbitration. Founder of the Comité de défense des intérets nationaux et de conciliation internationale
1910 Bureau International Permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau), Berne.
1911 Tobias Michael Carel Asser (Netherlands), initiator of the International Conferences of Private Law in The Hague. : Alfred Hermann Fried (Austria), founder of Die Waffen Nieder.
1912 Elihu Root (USA), for initiating various arbitration agreements.
1913 Henri la Fontaine (Belgium), president of the Permanent International Peace Bureau.
1914-1916 Not awarded.
1917 International Red Cross, Geneva.
1918 Not awarded.
1919 Woodrow Wilson (USA) for founding the League of Nations.
1920 Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois, president of the Council of the League of Nations.
1921 Karl Hjalmar Branting (Sweden), prime minister, Swedish delegate to the Council of the League of Nations. : Christian Lous Lange (Norway), secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union
1922 Fridtjof Nansen (Norway), Norwegian delegate to the League of Nations, originator of the Nansen passports for refugees.
1923-1924 Not awarded.
1925 Sir Austen Chamberlain (UK) for the Locarno Treaty. : Charles Gates Dawes (USA), chairman of the Allied Reparation Commission and originator of the Dawes Plan.
1926 Aristide Briand (France) for the Locarno Treaties. : Gustav Stresemann (Germany) for the Locarno Treaties.
1927 Ferdinand Buisson (France), founder and president of the League for Human Rights. : Ludwig Quidde (Germany), delegate to numerous peace conferences.
1928 Not awarded.
1929 Frank B. Kellogg (USA) for the Briand-Kellogg Pact.
1930 Archbishop Lars Olof Nathan (Jonathan) Söderblom (Sweden), leader of the ecumenical movement.
1931 Jane Addams (USA), international president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom : Nicholas Murray Butler (USA) for promoting the Briand-Kellogg Pact.
1932 Not awarded.
1933 Sir Norman Angell (Ralph Lane) (UK), writer, member of the Executive Committee of the League of Nations and the National Peace Council.
1934 Arthur Henderson (UK), chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference
1935 Carl von Ossietzky (Germany), pacifist journalist.
1936 Carlos Saavedra Lamas (Argentina), president of the League of Nations and mediator in a conflict between Paraguay and Bolivia.
1937 Viscount Cecil of Chelwood (Lord Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne Cecil), founder and president of the International Peace Campaign.
1938 Nansen International Office For Refugees, Geneva.
1939-1943 Not awarded.
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross (awarded retroactively in 1945).
1945 Cordell Hull (USA) for co-initiating the United Nations.
1946 Emily Greene Balch (USA), honorary international president of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom : John R. Mott (USA), chairman of the International Missionary Council and president of the World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations
1947 The Friends Service Council (UK) and The American Friends Service Committee (USA), on behalf of the Religious Society of Friends, better known as the Quakers.
1948 Not awarded.
1949 Lord John Boyd Orr of Brechin (UK), director General Food and Agricultural Organization, president National Peace Council, president World Union of Peace Organizations.
1950 Ralph Bunche for mediating in Palestine (1948).
1951 Léon Jouhaux (France), president of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the UN.
1952 Albert Schweitzer (France) for founding the Lambarene Hospital in Gabon.
1953 American Secretary of State George Catlett Marshall for the Marshall Plan.
1954 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
1955-1956 Not awarded.
1957 Lester Bowles Pearson (Canada), president of the 7th session of the United Nations General Assembly.
1958 Georges Pire (Belgium), leader of L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde, a relief organization for refugees.
1959 Philip Noel-Baker (UK), for his lifelong ardent work for international peace and co-operation.
1960 Albert Lutuli (South Africa), president of the ANC (African National Congress).
1961 Dag Hammarskjöld (Sweden), secretary-general of the UN (awarded posthumously).
1962 Linus Carl Pauling (USA) for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing.
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross, Geneva. : League of Red Cross Societies, Geneva.
1964 Martin Luther King Jr (USA), campaigner for civil rights.
1965 United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF)
1966-1967 Not awarded.
1968 René Cassin (France), president of the European Court for Human Rights.
1969 International Labour Organization (I.L.O.), Geneva.
1970 Norman Borlaug (USA), for research at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center.
1971 Willy Brandt (Germany), for West Germany's Ostpolitik, embodying a new attitude towards Eastern Europe and East Germany.
1972 Not awarded.
1973 Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger (USA) and Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho (Vietnam, declined) for the Vietnam peace accord.
1974 Séan MacBride (Ireland), president of the International Peace Bureau and the Commission of Namibia of the United Nations. : Eisaku Sato (Japan), prime minister.
1975 Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (USSR) for his campaigning for human rights.
1976 Betty Williams and Mairead Corrigan, founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People).
1977 Amnesty International, London, for its campaign against torture.
1978 President Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat (Egypt) and Prime Minister Menachem Begin (Israel) for negotiating peace between Egypt and Israel.
1979 Mother Teresa (India)
1980 Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (Argentina), human rights
1981 The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
1982 Alva Myrdal (Sweden) and Alfonso GarcÃa Robles (Mexico), delegates to the United Nations General Assembly on Disarmament.
1983 Lech Walesa (Poland), founder of Solidarnosc and campaigner for human rights.
1984 Bishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu (South Africa) for his work against apartheid.
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Boston.
1986 Elie Wiesel (USA).
1987 Oscar Arias Sanchez (Costa Rica) for initiating peace negotations in Central America.
1988 The United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces, New York.
1989 Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama.
1990 President Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (USSR) for helping to end the Cold War.
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma), opposition leader and human rights advocate.
1992 Rigoberta Menchu Tum (Guatemala), for campaigning for human rights, especially for indigenous peoples.
1993 President Nelson Mandela (South Africa) and Former President Frederik Willem de Klerk (South Africa).
1994 PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat (Palestine), Foreign Minister Shimon Peres (Israel) and Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin (Israel), for concluding the Oslo peace accords.
1995 Joseph Rotblat (Poland/UK) and the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, for their efforts in the fight against nuclear arms.
1996 Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo (East Timor) and Jose Ramos-Horta (East Timor) for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor.
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) and Jody Williams (VVAF) for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines.
1998 John Hume (UK) and David Trimble (UK) for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland.
1999 Medecins Sans Frontieres, Brussels.
2000 President Kim Dae Jung (South Korea) for his work for democracy and human rights, and in particular for peace and reconciliation with North Korea.
2001 The United Nations and its secretary-general Kofi Annan (Ghana)
2002 Jimmy Carter - former President of USA "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
2003 Shirin Ebadi, Iranian human rights activist and democracy campaignerAir Vapormax Plus TN